The Ultimate Guide To Fence Staining Franklin

Not known Facts About Fence Staining Franklin


The process of applying the discolorations can be tricky, causing irregular shade if not applied appropriately. Paint is a functional alternative that enables for a high level of modification in regards to color and coating. You can pick any type of color to match your home's exterior or landscape. Paint can efficiently hide age marks, weather condition damage, or timber variances.


Varnishes, especially clear ones, can highlight the natural grain and shade of the wood. A top quality varnish can create a tough, protective surface that guards versus scratches and basic wear. Most varnishes are created to be resistant to water and UV rays, safeguarding the timber from severe weather problems.


Achieving a smooth, drip-free do with varnish requires a lot of ability and Some varnishes can yellow over time, specifically if subjected to direct sunshine - Fence Staining Franklin. Your option in between staining, paint, or varnishing your wood fence should be educated by your individual appearance preferences, the climate you stay in, and the amount of upkeep you agree to commit to




Fence Staining FranklinFence Staining Franklin
By meticulously selecting the appropriate therapy for your wood fencing, you can improve the aesthetic charm of your property and ensure that your fencing continues to be a beautiful and sturdy part of your home for years. When you prepare to pick a new fencing, or for any concerns or issues concerning fencing, consult the specialists at Paramount Fence.




Fascination About Fence Staining Franklin


We are a locally had and operated fencing company in the Fox Valley area servicing the Chicagoland Suburbs. We comprehend that each client is special, and our fencing experts will deal with you to guarantee that you are supplied with a fencing that pleases your demands for many years ahead.


We have one of the highest consumer solution scores with the Better Service Bureau in the location. For even more details, see our internet site or talk with us at 630-239-2714.




 


Our fencing painting provides solid, nontransparent protection and comes in a wide array of colors. Painting a timber fence might totally hide its all-natural grain and structure.


Depending on the problem of your fencing, it may call for several layers to paint your fencing - Fence Staining Franklin. Our fence discoloration process goes past just simple cosmetic upgrades; it works as a powerful obstacle against dampness, rot, and degeneration, helping keep your fence great problem for years to come. Our fence discoloration solution utilizes either a clear or semi-transparent discolor or sealer




Examine This Report about Fence Staining Franklin




Right here are several of the advantages of each below.: Painting permits a variety of color alternatives. You can choose any shade that matches your design and enhances your landscape or home exterior.: Repaint kinds a thick, opaque obstacle on the wood surface area, providing superb protection versus UV rays, dampness, and pests.


: Paint gives an uniform, solid finish that hides imperfections and offers a refined appearance to the fence.: Painted look what i found surface areas are normally less complicated to cleanse and maintain contrasted to discolored surfaces.: Staining enhances and highlights the all-natural timber grain and appearance, using a much more rustic and natural appearance.


They generally call for much less regular reapplication compared to paint.: Some stains include UV-resistant residential or commercial properties that help prevent fading caused by sunlight.: Numerous stains include water repellent additives, which protect versus wetness damage. Yes, staining a fencing is worth it for numerous factors. First, discoloration improves the fencing's all-natural appearance by including color and safeguarding it from weathering, which can expand its life-span.




An Unbiased View of Fence Staining Franklin


Rolling stain onto a fencing is usually much more specific and functions well for smaller fences or when applying a thicker layer is required. The very best time to stain a fencing is throughout mild, dry climate (e.g., spring, very early summer season, or in the fall). We suggest staying clear of discoloration when it's extremely warm, cold, or humid, as these conditions can impact the tarnish's application and drying out time.




Fence Staining FranklinFence Staining Franklin
Listed here are a few of the principal advantages as to why the cleansing and staining of a timber fencing makes so much sense: Lots of people seem to believe that carrying out a wood fence cleansing will certainly involve having to rent a Visit Your URL power washer to handle the job. In reality, doing so can put the fence threat of being harmed from the sheer force of the water that's delivered.


The fact is that making use of a standard garden hose pipe sprayer ought to suffice. That's because it has an adequate quantity of pressure that won't lead to the abovementioned excessive that ends up resulting. The job of cleaning a wood fence shouldn't require an excess amount of time, partly due to the fact that the wood itself can help cover Read Full Report some of the dirt that vinyl fences aren't able to hide.


When that cleaning begins, it will not be the yearly task that's required for vinyl fences - Fence Staining Franklin. Instead, it may be years between cleaning efforts, which enables you to concentrate on more crucial issues. When it involves, its worth can be seen from the prolonged life it uses the fence




A Biased View of Fence Staining Franklin


The sort of weather that exist at any moment of year have the capability to do some quite serious damage to a timber fence. The onset of rainfall can pummel a fencing with a lot of water over the course of a solitary year. Discoloration can use waterproofing that will fully shield the wood.

 

Your Relied On Resource for Fencing: Fence Company Near Me

Innovative Fencing Style Solutions Tailored to Your Demands

 


As the borders of our rooms come to be progressively important, the role of fencings expands past plain functionality into the realm of layout technology. Keep tuned to find exactly how innovative fencing style services can be tailored to fulfill your details demands and raise your property to new elevations of functionality and style.

 

 

 

Modern Fence Designs



The advancement of modern fence styles has actually transformed the method residential properties are defined and safeguarded in contemporary architecture. Gone are the days of simple chain-link fences; today, fencings are not simply boundaries however also design components that add to the total appearances of a residential or commercial property. Modern fence designs emphasis on blending capability snappy, using a wide variety of shades, materials, and appearances to suit various architectural choices.


Among the key fads in contemporary fence layouts is using lasting products such as bamboo, recycled wood, or composite materials. These environmentally friendly options not just contribute to a much more environmentally aware technique yet likewise include an one-of-a-kind touch to the residential or commercial property's outside. Click Here. Furthermore, modern fences are developed to be low-maintenance, resilient, and customizable, meeting the diverse demands of homeowner


From smooth metal panels to minimal glass obstacles, modern-day fencing designs accommodate different style perceptiveness while giving enhanced safety and security and personal privacy. Whether it's a property, industrial, or industrial home, the adaptability and advancement of contemporary fencing designs supply a perfect mix of kind and function in today's architectural landscape.

 

 

 

Fence Contractor Near MeClick Here

Customizable Privacy Solutions

 


Exploring personalized strategies to enhancing residential property seclusion and safety and security via cutting-edge layout services is critical in modern building factors to consider - Fence Company Near Me. When it concerns customizable personal privacy designers, homeowners and options have a series of options to pick from to meet their visual choices and details needs


One prominent choice for personalized personal privacy solutions is using flexible louvers. These versatile additions allow locals to regulate the amount of light and airflow that enters their space while keeping privacy. Another innovative alternative is the incorporation of living wall surfaces or upright gardens right into fencing layouts. Not only do these green setups offer a natural barrier, but they likewise add to a greener setting.


For those seeking a much more modern-day method, personal privacy screens made from products like steel, wood, or composite offer a adjustable and smooth solution. These screens can be developed in numerous patterns and sizes to match the overall layout of the building while making certain personal privacy and safety and security. Ultimately, the trick to adjustable privacy options depends on comprehending the details requirements of the area and crafting a style that effortlessly integrates performance snappy.

 

 

 

Cutting-edge Safety And Security Functions





In contemporary architectural techniques, the assimilation of innovative safety and security attributes is vital for making certain thorough residential property security and comfort. When it involves fencing style, incorporating advanced safety and security elements can considerably improve the safety of residential, industrial, or industrial facilities. One sophisticated safety function gaining popularity is clever secure fencing technology, which utilizes sensing units, cameras, and automation to discover and prevent potential intruders successfully.


In addition, biometric gain access to control systems offer an innovative yet easy to use means to control entrance to secured areas. These systems can be integrated seamlessly right into fencing styles, offering authorized individuals with practical and protected gain access to while maintaining unauthorized people out. In addition, making use of high-security locks and tamper-resistant bolts further strengthens fences against forced entry efforts.


Ingenious security functions also encompass border illumination services that not just illuminate the environments however likewise serve as a deterrent to intruders. By strategically putting motion-activated lights along the fencing line, homeowner can improve presence and safety and security during nighttime hours. On the whole, the unification of these innovative safety and security functions into fence design makes sure a durable defense system against prospective dangers.

 

 

 

Elegant Outdoor Enhancements



Beauty in exterior style can be achieved with carefully curated landscaping aspects and tasteful ornamental accents. When it comes to fashionable outside improvements for your home, Read Full Report consider incorporating functions like pergolas, trellises, or arbors to add a touch of class to your outside space. These structures not only provide aesthetic rate of interest why not check here however additionally supply a feeling of room and personal privacy, developing a cozy and welcoming atmosphere.


In addition to architectural aspects, integrating lighting components purposefully can enhance the atmosphere of your outside location. From string lights to pathway lighting, the appropriate lighting can change your area into a wonderful hideaway for evening celebrations or quiet evenings under the celebrities.


To even more boost your exterior appearances, think about adding planters with dynamic blossoms or lush greenery to bring life and shade to your environments. Mixing and matching different plant varieties can create a vibrant and visually enticing landscape that enhances your general exterior style. By combining these elements thoughtfully, you can create an elegant outdoor oasis that reflects your personal taste and boosts the appeal of your property.

 

 

 

Imaginative Practical Choices



When considering cutting-edge fence design services for your outdoor space, discovering innovative useful choices can greatly improve both the aesthetic charm and usefulness of your residential property. One functional choice to think about is including built-in anonymous seating along the fencing line. This not only offers a location to rest and enjoy your outside space but additionally makes the most of the usage of your home by combining seating with the border structure.


Furthermore, incorporating planters right into the fence design can include a touch of plant and beauty to your outside location (Fence Contractor Near Me). Upright yards or plant wall surfaces along the fence not just act as an attractive component yet additionally aid in maximizing space for planting blossoms, herbs, and even tiny veggies


In addition, installing a fence with integrated lighting attributes can brighten your outdoor space, providing both setting and safety. Whether it's refined LED lights incorporated right into the fencing messages or decorative illumination components placed along the top of the fence, illumination can boost the performance and aesthetic charm of your outdoor area. By discovering these innovative useful alternatives, you can boost the style of your fencing while making your outdoor space a lot more useful and satisfying.

 

 

 

Legendary Fence Company TuscaloosaFence Contractor Near Me

Final Thought

 


In final thought, the cutting-edge fencing style options presented offer a series of modern-day options for improving personal privacy, safety and security, design, and capability in outdoor areas. These adjustable remedies deal with individual requirements and choices, giving a versatile and trendy means to enhance the aesthetic appeals and functionality of any kind of home. With a concentrate on imagination and usefulness, these fencing layouts supply an unique and tailored approach to meeting the diverse needs of customers.


Gone are the days of plain chain-link fences; today, fences are not simply borders yet additionally layout components that contribute to the total appearances of a residential or commercial property.When taking into consideration cutting-edge fencing style options for your exterior space, discovering imaginative practical alternatives can significantly boost both the aesthetic appeal and usefulness of your building. Whether it's subtle LED lights incorporated into the fence messages or decorative lighting fixtures installed along the top of the fence, lighting can boost the capability and aesthetic allure of your outdoor location. By exploring these creative practical choices, you can raise the layout of your fence while making your exterior room extra sensible and delightful.


In conclusion, the ingenious fencing design remedies presented use a variety of modern-day alternatives for improving personal privacy, security, style, and functionality in exterior spaces.
 

Little Known Facts About Agricultural Product Wholesaler.

The Agricultural Product Wholesaler PDFs


These finishes function well when you are not concerned regarding shade fade or gloss retention. Your ornamental light weight aluminum fence adds elegance and value to your home so shade and gloss retention is really vital. Consequently, it is suggested to pick a confirmed Architectural Grade powder coating. It is also vital to keep in mind that all coverings will certainly fade with time due to exposure to the elements and sunlight yet an Architectural Quality coating will certainly surpass a General Objective covering in every element.


There are at least 15 efficiency tests as specified by the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) to verify a covering as building grade. As with any case from a supplier, a third event recognition from an independent testing laboratory validating that the maker's item satisfies well established requirements of performance is the very best way to guarantee you are receiving a quality product and the producer's insurance claims are true and complete.


For several years manufacturers have actually used screws to hold the pickets to the rails. A few points result from this style. It creates an unsightly look given that you see the screw heads on one side of the fence. Second, the covering on the screws in some cases diminishes in time which leaves a silver color screw head visible.


Most ornamental aluminum fence warranties cover flaws such as splitting, damaging or peeling of the finish. This is much more like the 10 year 100,000 mile warranty for the ornamental aluminum fence.




3 Simple Techniques For Agricultural Product Wholesaler


 


Choosing a choice results in a complete page refresh. Press the area key after that arrowhead keys to make a selection (Agricultural Product Wholesaler). Usage left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device


Furthermore, several steeds are very useful and that warrants the added expense of building a fencing that is risk-free, solid and appealing. Painted rail fencings are not just stunning to people, they are extremely noticeable to steeds. They appear to an equine as a strong barrier that they are less most likely to challenge or run into.




Agricultural Product WholesalerAgricultural Product Wholesaler
The minimal recommended elevation for perimeter field fences for equines is 5 feet (60 inches). This elevation will discourage most steeds from trying to jump and will additionally reduce the temptation for individuals to reach over the fence to pet dog or feed horses. A 5-foot minimum height fence is both horse-safe and people-safe.


This is generally 4 to 6 inches above the horse's withers. This elevation will certainly inhibit dealing with over the fence and help protect against horses from leaning over the fence, although the sure means to get rid of leaning and rubbing on any type of fencing is with an offset electrical fencing cord. Fences that divide pastures can be 4.




Little Known Facts About Agricultural Product Wholesaler.


Agricultural Product WholesalerAgricultural Product Wholesaler
Probably the only negative aspect to a rail fencing is the price of construction and upkeep. Rail or plank fencings are probably the most expensive fencings to develop, and upkeep expense can be significant.


4 or greater if timber calls the dirt). Water-based paint or a black asphalt or coal tar based paint can be used to safeguard the wood and include to the beauty of the fence. Therapy of the timber also inhibits chewing of the fence however might not blog here be sufficient to avoid chewing when equines are stressed out or confined in a small space.


PVC plastic fences (Figure 1) are typically extra expensive than wood. They are, however, becoming extremely prominent due to the fact that of their appearance and the reality that they do not need paint, given that they are the exact same shade throughout the material. If a PVC board breaks, it does not provide a rugged end as sometimes occurs with natural timber planks.




 


Plastic covered timber is merely wood dipped in a vinyl covering. In enhancement, the wood inside the vinyl finish can warp with age simply like any type of various other board.




The Facts About Agricultural Product Wholesaler Revealed


Usually either 1 x 6 or 2 x 6 boards are used for the rails. Rails made from 1 x 6 boards are less costly yet often tend to warp much more and are not as solid as 2 x 6 rails. Timber fencing is often painted with a mix of asphalt or coal-tar blended with oils.


They are, nevertheless, cord fences that have to be tightened periodically to maintain the appropriate tension. (This holds true of any kind of high-tensile fence (Agricultural Product Wholesaler).) Some high-tensile polymer wires can be energized for included safety and security, however a special finish needs to be made use of to permit power to circulation; you'll require to define energizing the fencing when it's home bought


These have the evident charm of being soft and yielding, preventing injury to horses, but they call for a read what he said good offer of upkeep to maintain them tight, given that they consistently droop with time, particularly in the warm of summer. Horses do often tend to munch on the rubber and, with some products made with nylon threads, this has actually created colic and/or impaction.




Agricultural Product WholesalerAgricultural Product Wholesaler
They are cheaper than many rail fencings yet extra pricey than conventional farm woven fences with 4- to 6-inch openings used for livestock and various other animals. The openings in these fencings are small enough to stop hooves being caught in them. They also have no exposed sharp cable ends to reduce the pet's skin.

 

The 8-Minute Rule for Wesley Chapel Fence Installers

Some Known Questions About Fence Companies Wesley Chapel.


Look for the straightest slabs as well as avoid any that look "environment-friendly," or damp, which can indicate they have been lately supplied from the maker and also are more probable to relocate as they dry.: Seal or paint cured wood for a better appearance, and change warped slabs as needed.: Treated timber is an affordable means to personalize the look of a fence or access into the yard due to the fact that the shape and dimension of the planks can be tailored, and the shade can be modified with paint or stain.


com Fences that are made from concrete, stucco, block, block, as well as stone give your house a stately, royal ambiance, however at a cost: These materials are all really pricey as well as call for professional setup. Since they're so hefty, masonry fences additionally require a structural footing put below the frost line (the deepness to which the groundwater in dirt is anticipated to ice up in winter season).


Block as well as put concrete call for steel reinforcement; brick fences often feature a concrete or block inner fence with brick veneer just on the exterior.: With time, mortar joints in rock and brick fences can loosen and will require to be repointed.: Irreversible building delineation and also high end curb allure. Masonry is optimal for properties on busy roads where noise is an issue.


Before you install it, understand that barbed cable secure fencing is restricted to country usage as well as forbidden in a lot of property communities.: Barbed cable strands ought to be restretched from time to time. They have a tendency to sag if livestock leans on them.: Rural buildings where having pets is a top priority, and also visual appeal is not a variable.




See This Report on Fence Company


org Low-maintenance, inexpensive, and also effective at hindering wildlife from getting simple accessibility to a residential property, woven wire is an affordable fence alternative. In some cases called area fence, woven wire fence is a perfect complement to an open fencing, like 3 rail or split rail, for homes where egress requires to be restricted.


When you as well as your fencing service provider identify the site as well as dimensions of a custom wood fence, the following step is to select the appropriate construction materials. Wood is often picked for its visual appeal, but not all Types of wood for fence coincide - fence installation companies in Wesley Chapel. The ideal option for wood fence projects depends on quality, toughness, and the homeowner's budget




Fence Installers Wesley ChapelWesley Chapel Fence Installers
When picking timber qualities for secure fencing tasks there are numerous selections: clear quality, costs, pick, and also building and construction. These qualities are liked over high quality, requirement or much better grade wood, which are cheaper but have imperfections that can wreck a fence's look and also leave it more probable to deteriorate. Costs and also clear timbers are the most costly alternatives as a result of their high quality, longevity, and also uniform appearance.




 


Cedar and also cypress are resistant to rot as well as last longer than other timbers. Property owners should take into consideration selecting cured timber that won't transform gray with age.




About Fence Company


Wesley Chapel Fence InstallersFence Installation Companies In Wesley Chapel
Nevertheless, its top quality and aesthetic charm make it a wonderful choice. If a house owner gets on a spending plan yet they still desire redwood, a contractor may utilize it for the panels while using a lower-grade wood for the messages. As revealed below, there are numerous Sorts of timber for secure fencing.


Offer us a telephone call today for aid in choosing the ideal sort of wood for any property fence design.


Installing a brand-new fence calls for a great deal of time and also effort in order to get it. Many of that effort will certainly come before the installment procedure ever starts. You'll need to consider points like the measurements of your residential or commercial property, the strength of each product, your house's specific requirements, and also what your budget plan looks like.


The timber also ages wonderfully, leaving you with enhanced aesthetic charm without the job! Chain link fence is amongst the most functional fencing products readily available. Take a drive around town as well as consider the various houses, sporting fields, and also parks you see on your path. What's the one point that they all have in common? They all utilize chain web link secure fencing! It's a prominent selection for many applications for a factor, as it is just one of the most trusted and durable products that you'll see on the marketplace.




9 Easy Facts About Fence Company Explained




On both hobby ranches and also business ranches, fences serve the crucial feature of confining as well as shielding animals as well as plant locations. Your selection of fencing ought to be made based upon what objective it offers; there are lots of various secure fencing products you can choose. This will certainly be some version of cable fence.


The durability as well as strength of wire fencing material can be gauged by its cord scale, and also by its approach of securing the wires together. Steel cord is measured according to an American Cable Scale (AWG) rating, in which smaller numbers indicate thicker cords. In this system, 10-gauge cable is much heavier than 12-gauge wire.


The least expensive (and least expensive) cable fencing is bonded cord, in which the private wires are simply spot-welded at their junction point. From this basic degree, there are a range of ways to weave and also crimp and knot the upright as well as horizontal cords with each other to offer the strength that is proper Fence Installers Wesley Chapel to making use of the fencing.


Barbed cable fences constrain livestock through straightforward aversionanimals pertain to associate the secure fencing with unpleasant pricks and also learn to keep away from it. Barbed cable functions relatively well for constraining fairly docile animals in huge areas, yet can quickly be breached by a huge, aggressive pet. They are not extremely eye-catching, however very efficient for their objective.

 

The 10-Second Trick For Tm Fencing, Llc

The Best Guide To Tm Fencing, Llc

 

What kind of fence lasts the lengthiest? Chain link fences with a non-rusting galvanized finish are the longest-lasting fences. Fence repair Wichita KS.


Chain web link is the most inexpensive as well as longest-lasting, although it does use a more industrial look (not the best for those that desire a more attractive visual). Aluminum fence is an eye-catching ornamental fencing with the timeless look of functioned iron and also the low maintenance price of aluminum. You can find the top quality chain link fencing,.


They are sturdy and also relatively maintenance-free - simply wash down with water. While shade selections are limited, vinyl fences are readily available in a variety of styles, including spike stakes, lattice, privacy, as well as also split fencings. Many fencings can last a very long time with proper care, yet couple of can last much longer than vinyl fences.




As you can see, longevity is necessary for fences. If you're considering mounting a new fencing, today with any concerns about your alternatives! Product are $10 to $20 per straight foot, although taller fencings up to 10 feet in elevation can set you back $40 per foot. Consisting of installment, the average price of chain web link fence is $15 to $40 per foot. Fence companies in Wichita KS.

 

 

 

Fascination About Tm Fencing, Llc


Storm or cyclone chain link fencings cost $8 to $40 per direct foot. They are virtually the same to galvanized chain-link fences, yet they have stronger articles to endure strong winds in the event of a cyclone.


This style of the fence has a PVC vinyl covering as well as safety metal. Sight more info regarding PVC-coated chain link fencings,.


A little upkeep can keep your fence looking excellent for years to find. Spray a rust-inhibiting layer on your wire mesh fence regarding yearly to protect against the steel from rusting. You can keep your fencing tidy by splashing it with a yard pipe to eliminate dirt and also debris.


Each has a various life expectancy. The longest life expectancy comes from cedar, which can last anywhere from 15 to thirty years. Pine is the happy medium as well as can last from concerning five years completely approximately 12. What is the finest material to utilize for a fencing? Timber is websites an eye-catching, traditional product that functions in any kind of yard design.

 

 

 

The 4-Minute Rule for Tm Fencing, Llc


These days, there are countless types of fencings to pick from. Picking fence materials, sunlight sunglasses and styles is certainly a component of discovering the satisfactory fence to fit your protection and also aesthetic requirements.


Although the style of your residence, the climate of your location, as well as the reason for the fence play a big duty in selecting the correct fencing material, it's great to recognize what separates one fencing product from any kind of various other so that you can choose out the really finest fencing to your needs.


Be positive to have concrete or gravel filler withinside the submitted openings to keep dampness. Keep in ideas that wood fencings do call for normal maintenance. You will wish to discolor or paint your fencing to safeguard the wood against rot and pests. Paint and tarnish may even maintain your fence choosing its extreme quality.


When placing in a brand brand-new fencing to your residence, do not fail to remember the use hardy or rot-resistant products that. While shade choices are restricted, vinyl fences are to be had in a huge selection of styles consisting of picket, lattice, personal privacy, or even split-rail.

 

 

 

The Tm Fencing, Llc Ideas

 

Fence Company Wichita KsFence Companies In Wichita Ks

 



When you get a plastic fencing, you'll never mount every various other fence. Plastic can last 30 or even more years. Plastic is long-lasting and also supplies you personal privacy and also security in your backyard. All you need is clean this fence product with cleaning soap and also water and appropriate upkeep. Chain-link fences with a galvanized surface that does not rust are the longest-lasting fencings.

 

 

 

Fence Companies In Wichita KsFence Contractors Wichita Ks
Picking the most effective fence kind can be a tough job - https://www.tripadvisor.in/Profile/tmfencingks. That's why we will be comparing secure fencing product that will stand the test of time in both durability and also aesthetic appeals. So which fence lasts longer as well as which fencing is simpler to preserve? Let's dive in, shall we? It is not a surprise that vinyl fencing is one of the most prominent fencing options in America today.


It is resistant to dampness, termites, splintering, and rot. It is much more pricey than some of its rivals, you will certainly be certain to save cash over the long term.


For homes and services throughout the board, chain web link fence is a preferred choice. Since of its corrosion-resistant, simplicity of installment, and also versatility, they are an excellent choice. Chain-link is the most durable of metal fences, it does bring with it a much less decorative appearance. Various other downsides include privacy for backyards.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15